![]() ![]() It's only available as a 64-bit download. Previous versions of the OS shouldn't be a problem with Windows 8 and Windows 7 having been tested. What version of Windows can Adobe After Effects run on?Īdobe After Effects can be used on a computer running Windows 11 or Windows 10. The Adobe After Effects CC 2024 24.2 demo is available to all software users as a free download with potential restrictions and is not necessarily the full version of this software. This download is licensed as shareware for the Windows operating system from audio and video editors and can be used as a free trial until the trial period ends (after an unspecified number of days). Virtual Reality: Create immersive VR content with 3D and 360 video.Stabilization: Reduce camera shake and motion blur.Special Effects: Add realistic touches with particle systems, flares and more.Rotoscoping: Isolate objects in footage and animate them. ![]() Output Formats: Choose from multiple file formats for final delivery.Motion Tracking: Track objects in live footage and apply effects to them.Masking: Quickly mask and remove elements from imagery.Keyframe Animation: Create smooth, fine-tuned animations with keyframes.Expressions: Create dynamic animations with expressions and scripting.Compositing: Combine multiple layers of video, images and audio.Color Correction: Dramatically improve the look of your footage.Character Animation: Animate 2D characters with bones and rigging. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Note that while your internet bill is a fixed cost and meals are a variable cost, both are examples of operating expenses. If you have more kids enrolled at your center, you’ll need to spend more to provide more meals. On the other hand, meals are considered a variable cost. It costs the same regardless of how many kids are enrolled in your programs. One example of a fixed cost is your monthly internet bill. Operating expenses can include both fixed costs and variable costs.įixed costs are expenses that remain constant from month to month, while variable costs change in proportion to your business activities. If you purchase an oven for cooking meals, that’s a capital cost - but your monthly gas bill for using the oven would be an operating cost. A capital expense is the purchase of an asset that will benefit your child care center over time. Operating expenses are ongoing costs related to the daily functioning of your child care center. Capital Expenses Versus Operating Expenses Crafting Your Budget Plan: Understanding CostsĪs you develop your child care budget plan, you’ll need to research and document the various expenses and costs associated with owning and operating a child care center.īefore we get started, let’s quickly review some types of expenses you’ll need to understand. Your budget is an important part of that business plan, as it demonstrates your understanding of business needs and their related costs to any potential investors or financiers. If you need to secure funding from a financial institution to start your child care center, you will need to create a business plan outlining how you will spend the money and how you plan to repay it in the future. Secure investment or financing to help launch your business, if needed.Ensure that you have sufficient operating capital to sustain your business in the short term while you work to increase enrollment. ![]() ![]() Quantify the resources required for a successful launch of your business.Anticipate and prepare for the various types of expenses you will incur as you prepare to open your center.Understand the steps you must take to successfully launch your child care center, from inception to opening day and beyond.Why You Need a Child Care Center Budget PlanĬreating your own child care center budget plan is a necessary step towards opening and operating your own center.Ĭreating a child care center budget plan will help you: These circumstances include your physical location or jurisdiction, the intended size of your center, whether you plan to have employees, how you will manage your center, the activities you wish to provide, and other details. Delivering child care services to your customers in compliance with local regulations and quality standardsīecause every child care center is unique, you will need to create a budget plan based on the specific circumstances of your business.Attracting your first child care customers.Starting your own child care center operation.In this case, your child care center budget could serve as a spending plan for: A personal budget might include allowances for housing, food, clothing, entertainment and other needs.Ī business budget is a plan for spending money to achieve business objectives, such as developing a new service and providing that service to customers. Let’s dive in! What is a Child Care Center Budget Plan?Ī budget can be defined simply as a plan to spend your money.īudget plans can be categorized broadly into two types: business and personal.Ī personal budget is a plan for spending your own money in a way that meets your needs and those of your family. We’ll also highlight the most important items that should be included in your plan to help make sure you don’t miss anything. In this article, you’ll learn the basics of budgeting for your child care center, why it’s important and how to craft your own child care center budget plan. If you’ve never done budgeting before, the process might seem intimidating at first - but don’t worry, we’ve got you covered. 28, 2022, with new information.Ĭreating a detailed child care center budget plan by carefully accounting for all of your planned expenses is vital to the success of your child care center. ![]() ![]() ![]() Trademarking A logo with the mark must be used in all applications where a link to our brand policies is not. ![]() Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC. Ensure the and symbols are clearly visible. 100,000+ Vectors, Stock Photos & PSD files. If you have any questions, contact the Huron County Emergency Management Agency at 41 or The Morning Journal, Lorain, Ohio. Find & Download Free Graphic Resources for Linkedin Logo Png Transparent. This test will be postponed if inclement weather is forecast to affect the area on the day of the test, according to the release. " The Huron County Emergency Management Agency will post a survey on our Facebook page the day of the test and ask Huron County residents to participate in the survey." "We also ask residents not to call 911 regarding the test," the release said. Flat logo SVG & PNG for Download Transparent background Personal & Commercial use Edit flat logo colors Online Also in EPS or PSD. It's also important to mention that persons in adjacent counties near the Huron County border also may receive the test, especially those in and near the city of Bellevue, village of Milan, village of Plymouth in Richland County, Flat Rock in Seneca County, and Kipton and Rochester in Lorain County. Flat logo SVG & PNG for Download Transparent background Personal & Commercial use Edit flat logo colors Online Also in EPS or PSD. 99,000+ Vectors, Stock Photos & PSD files. Residents can expect to receive this test on their cellular devices, radio, television and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather radios, according to the release. Find & Download Free Graphic Resources for Linkedin Logo Transparent. These alerts can be issued by the Huron County Emergency Management Agency office for a variety of situations that pose imminent threat to life and/or property to include evacuation orders, hazardous material releases, civil danger warnings, shelter in place orders, 911 telephone outages and other local area emergencies, according to the release. The purpose of this test is to check the county's capability of the system with the upcoming solar eclipse event in April, emergency situations that may occur in the future and to ensure emergency management officials are familiar and trained with the system in case of an event within the county that warrants an emergency alert issuance, the release said. (TNS) - The Huron County Emergency Management Agency, in coordination with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA), will conduct a test utilizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Integrated Public Alert & Warning System (IPAWS) at 12:15 p.m., March 19, according to a news release. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Experimentally, the spectra were well established, an equation was found to fit the experimental data, but the theoretical foundation was missing. Again, we see the interplay between experiment and theory in physics. Bohr was the first to comprehend the deeper meaning. Balmer first devised the formula for his series alone, and it was later found to describe all the other series by using different values of n f n f. While the formula in the wavelengths equation was just a recipe designed to fit data and was not based on physical principles, it did imply a deeper meaning. Thus, for the Balmer series, n f = 2 n f = 2 and The constant n i n i is a positive integer, but it must be greater than n f n f. There are apparently an unlimited number of series, although they lie progressively farther into the infrared and become difficult to observe as n f n f increases. The Paschen series and all the rest are entirely IR. The Lyman series is entirely in the UV, while part of the Balmer series is visible with the remainder UV. For the Lyman series, n f = 1 n f = 1 for the Balmer series, n f = 2 n f = 2 for the Paschen series, n f = 3 n f = 3 and so on. The constant n f n f is a positive integer associated with a specific series. The observed hydrogen-spectrum wavelengths can be calculated using the following formula: (See Figure 30.15.) These series are named after early researchers who studied them in particular depth. The hydrogen spectrum had been observed in the infrared (IR), visible, and ultraviolet (UV), and several series of spectral lines had been observed. As you might expect, the simplest atom-hydrogen, with its single electron-has a relatively simple spectrum. In some cases, it had been possible to devise formulas that described the emission spectra. (credit for (b): Yttrium91, Wikimedia Commons) The line spectrum for each element is unique, providing a powerful and much used analytical tool, and many line spectra were well known for many years before they could be explained with physics. The discrete lines imply quantized energy states for the atoms that produce them. ![]() Part (b) shows the emission line spectrum for iron. (It was a running joke that any theory of atomic and molecular spectra could be destroyed by throwing a book of data at it, so complex were the spectra.) Following Einstein’s proposal of photons with quantized energies directly proportional to their wavelengths, it became even more evident that electrons in atoms can exist only in discrete orbits.įigure 30.14 Part (a) shows, from left to right, a discharge tube, slit, and diffraction grating producing a line spectrum. But, in spite of years of efforts by many great minds, no one had a workable theory. (See Figure 30.14.) Maxwell and others had realized that there must be a connection between the spectrum of an atom and its structure, something like the resonant frequencies of musical instruments. Atomic and molecular emission and absorption spectra have been known for over a century to be discrete (or quantized). (credit: Unknown Author, via Wikimedia Commons) Mysteries of Atomic SpectraĪs noted in Quantization of Energy, the energies of some small systems are quantized. His many contributions to the development of atomic physics and quantum mechanics, his personal influence on many students and colleagues, and his personal integrity, especially in the face of Nazi oppression, earned him a prominent place in history. Bohr’s theory explained the atomic spectrum of hydrogen and established new and broadly applicable principles in quantum mechanics.įigure 30.13 Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, used the planetary model of the atom to explain the atomic spectrum and size of the hydrogen atom. From their sizes to their spectra, much was known about atoms, but little had been explained in terms of the laws of physics. For decades, many questions had been asked about atomic characteristics. In 1913, after returning to Copenhagen, he began publishing his theory of the simplest atom, hydrogen, based on the planetary model of the atom. Bohr became convinced of its validity and spent part of 1912 at Rutherford’s laboratory. The great Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885–1962) made immediate use of Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom. Describe the triumphs and limits of Bohr’s theory.Illustrate energy state using the energy-level diagram.Explain Bohr’s planetary model of the atom.Explain Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom.Describe the mysteries of atomic spectra.By the end of this section, you will be able to: ![]() ![]() ![]() We are not affiliated with the Scratch team, we can't do anything about your accounts, and complaining about it here will not get you help. You cannot play your custom levels on any platform other than. The level editor app is not compatible with the official game. They are not responsible for any problems or damages that may arise from using the app. Posts related to individual actions (moderation/banning) of the Scratch team and complaints about general moderation of Scratch are not allowed. The level editor app is not officially supported by the developers of Just Shapes and Beats. 8: Don't discuss moderation actions (bans/removals) on Scratch Monetization may be discussed on /r/beyondscratch. Scratch is an educational tool and this subreddit is not a marketing resource. This is to prevent scams and overall shady practices. 7: Don't discuss monetizationĭo not ask for help on monetization, do not offer money to other users, and do not advertise paid services. However, don't hesitate to ask for specifics or how to do specific things.Įxamples of this are: "I need to make a game, can you explain scrolling to me?", "How do you make a pencil in Scratch?", etc. If you have an assignment that is due tomorrow and you haven't worked on it, asking anyone to do the whole thing for you is not allowed.Įxamples of this are: "Please make a platformer for me, I need it done this week", "Can one of you wizards create a paint program?", etc. 6: Don't request full projects ("homework") Memes are allowed in the comment section. This is to keep quality content at a maximum and extends to any type of low-effort post. Scratch welcomes people of all ages, races, ethnicities, religions, sexual orientations, and gender identities. ![]() 4: Follow the Scratch Community Guidelinesīe respectful. Not only is Not Safe For Work and (obviously) Not Safe For Life content not allowed, anything that is unfit for kids is unfit for this subreddit. Hateful, disrespectful or otherwise nasty comments and posts don't contribute anything! 3: Stay family friendly Other acceptable topics are tosh, Snap! and any block-based programming "languages" such as Beetle Blocks and Alice. One example of a post that is not directly about Scratch but is allowed would be a general discussion on programming languages. We are not affiliated with the Scratch team, we can't do anything about your accounts, and complaining about it here is pointless. Posts related to individual actions (moderation/banning) of the Scratch team and complaints about general moderation are not allowed. Scratch projects must include a link to the Scratch project page. Subreddit rules 1: Posts must be related to ScratchĪnything not related to Scratch is at the discretion of the moderators to be removed. Not affiliated with the MIT.įor official information go to .įor your daily dose of humor, try r/ScratchMemes. The game is a topsy-turvy bullet hell based on three simple things avoid shapes, move to the kick-ass beats, and die.Subreddit for fans of the Scratch programming environment. You can submit your content in the playlist and can make memories. Just Shapes & Beats is a game all about shapes and about beats. Overview Just Shapes & Beats: You are very clever like that.Just Shapes And Beats: New Game 2 Player Edition by duckplayer. Just Shapes And Beats: New Game remix by politieagent2. Just Shapes and beats hard version by triplethethreat. Just Shapes And Beats: New Game (Baldi Edition) by Bluecreeper64.A lot of Geometry Dash's gameplay is the 'tap button to the beat to not hit spikes and die', which is nice, but it's not JSaB. Legendary Yeeter except Geometry Dash doesn't play like Just Shapes and Beats does.My Discord: my Twitch: /thatlostgamer berzerk studio discord is where you can put your application in for the editor. This video is to show you 87 of the attacks. At this time it is only available to a very small select group. Search This is the official pre-alpha Just Shapes and Beats level editor test program. That Lost Gamer Just Shapes and beats project arrhythmia JSAB I have a strong community of gamers on my discord and you can join if you would like. Most of the videos I make will be using the MonsterCat music library. So lots of my videos will be custom levels with level editors stuff. Project arrhythmia is also a big passion of mine. I am a beta tester for the 'Just shapes and beats' level editor / stage crater. I am also a variety streamer! I try to stream every Tuesday from 9PM to 11PM CST. (story of my life.)Īre you interested in JSAB or PA? you know I am!ĭo you have any questions about PA or JSAB? just leave a comment and I will get to you ASAP I am ThatLostGamer or LostGamer or just plain Lost. ![]() ![]() Pest Control: Basic cleaning and other natural pest control measures will greatly reduce the presence of these spiders. There may be either 6 or 8 eyes, depending on the species, and the outer 3 eyes on either side of the head are arranged in a close triangle. The color is a yellowish brown and the legs may be as long as 2 inches. Insect Identification: Cellar spiders are easily identified by their extraordinarily long and thin legs, which are attached to their elongate and thin body. The female creates an egg mass of about a dozen eggs, and holds it in her jaws until the eggs hatch. These spiders have been known to feed on black widow spiders. They hang upside down on their webs, and when disturbed they will begin to shake and bounce the web noticeably, or they may drop off the web and run to hide. Their long legs make them very clumsy when attempting to walk. Webs typically appear under the eaves of roofs, around porch lights, within garages, and indoors around windows where the light may draw small insects that the spiders feed on. Their primary crime is the messiness of their webs, which are thin and flimsy but tend to gather dust and floating debris, as well as the remains of the insects the spiders have fed on. The cellar spiders are incapable of biting humans and are harmless to us and our pets. However, the true Daddy Long-legs is another animal entirely, called the Harvestman. Origin: Several dozen species of Pholcids are native to North America, with the three species listed above the most common to be found in and on structures.īiology: The cellar spiders are often called “Daddy Long-legs” due to their very long, thin legs. If this document didn’t answer your questions, please contact HGIC at or 1-88.Other Names: Long-bodied cellar spider, short-bodied cellar spider, daddy-long legs spider Installing weatherstripping and a proper threshold with a door sweep can prevent access into the building.Īppropriately labeled insecticides can be used to temporarily reduce cellar spiders however, their use should be minimal and not used as a substitute for proper sanitation and proper maintenance. Use pole lights away from the structure but directed back to illuminate entrances to reduce insects and spiders around the building.īy sealing cracks and crevices around doors and windows or other entry points, insect and spider access into the structure will be deterred. ![]() At commercial locations, replace lights on buildings, especially over doors. Replacing exterior white lights to a less attractive yellow or sodium vapor lamp can indirectly reduce the number of spiders because yellow light is less attractive to insects. Humidity can be controlled in many ways such as a dehumidifier or through proper ventilation. Lowering the relative humidity in the area where cellar spiders are found may help eliminate them because lower humidity will deter insects from entering the building. Adequate insect control through proper sanitation, maintenance and insecticide use (if necessary) will help prevent spiders from becoming established. One key feature of spider control is to reduce the available food source. ![]() Removing the webbing also allows for easy reference of future spider activity. This can be very effective in reducing the number of spiders in a relatively short time. Spider webs, egg sacs, and individual spiders can be removed with a broom or vacuum. Several non-chemical measures can be taken to reduce the presence of cellar spiders from around a home or business. Once prey is captured, cellar spiders vigorously shake their webs to further entangle their meal. They hang upside down on the web until a food item gets tangled. Cellar spiders construct loose haphazard webs, often in corners, to catch insect prey. They continuously add to it, creating large amounts of webbing which becomes a nuisance to remove. Many species of spiders consume their old web before making a new one, but cellar spiders do not. In instances where cellar spiders are pests, it is due to the large amounts of webbing they produce. Adult cellar spiders may live for an additional two years. Development from egg to adult usually takes about one year. Once the eggs hatch the spiderlings crawl onto the mother’s body for a short time. Both species carry the egg sacs in their mouthparts instead of attaching them to the web like many other spiders. The short-bodied cellar spider females produces about 10-27 eggs per case. Female long-bodied cellar spiders produce about three egg sacs over a lifetime, each containing 13-60 eggs each. The female short-bodied cellar spider has a 1/16 inch long body with legs extending about 5/16 inch. ![]() ![]() The female long-bodied cellar spider is approximately 1/4-5/16 inch long with legs extending another 2 inches. The two more commonly seen species are the long-bodied and short-bodied cellar spiders. ![]() ![]() ![]() The game offers competitive and cooperative gameplay, allowing you to race against friends or team up to tackle levels together. This blend of old and new makes Sonic Mania Plus a standout title in the Sonic series. Unique stages and bonus levels add another layer of challenge, rewarding players with unlockables and secrets. The levels are designed with multiple paths, encouraging exploration and replayability. The game stays true to the fast-paced, platforming action of the original titles while introducing new twists that keep the experience fresh. Moreover, including characters like Mighty the Armadillo and Ray the Flying Squirrel adds variety and depth to the gameplay, offering unique abilities that change how you navigate the levels. The soundtrack, a mix of original and remixed tunes, provides the perfect backdrop for high-speed action. The game's pixel art and animations are meticulously crafted, paying homage to Sonic's 16-bit roots while delivering a fresh aesthetic. It is jam-packed with features that make it stand out from the crowd. Whether you're zipping through loops, defeating bosses, or exploring for secrets, Sonic Mania Plus captures the essence of what made the original Sonic games so beloved. The game's physics and visuals hit the sweet spot between nostalgic and modern, creating an engaging experience for players of all ages. Enhanced with additional characters, expanded gameplay modes, and an entirely new Encore mode, this version brings more to the table than ever before. Sonic Mania Plus is a fully-fledged sprint into the future of retro gaming. Run, jump, and collect gold rings as Sonic, Tails, or Knuckles in this speedy homage made by and for fans of the beloved franchise. Free Download Sonic Mania Plus - NETFLIX MOD Version Unlocked Ad-Free APK for Android Phones and Tablets. ![]() ![]() It's been described as a 'boiling bubbling melting pot of Asia and Spain'. The culture derives from many cultures mixed through Asia and the Pacific regions, with a heavy dose of Spanish influence. The Philippines has always been a crossroad of East meeting West. Historic Latin American culture influences their high sexual appetite and libido. Their deep religious upbringing reinforces strong family-centric values towards honor, respect to elders and marriage. Just what are you guys getting yourself into, with a Filipino woman?ĭo you understand the in's and out's of how a Filipino woman's personality traits make her unique in the world?įilipino women are a cultural mix of Asian and Spanish heritage. It's important to examine their personality traits and characteristics so you have a much better understanding on your relationship planning. There’s nine more to try.įor more pregnancy guidance on sex, relationships, and more, sign up for our I’m Expecting newsletter.A Filipino woman are very different to what you're used to in 1st World Countries. That means if one of the positions above are aren’t as comfy as advertised, just skip it. “Everything is on the table unless your doctor says it isn’t, or if it hurts or feels uncomfortable,” Richmond reminds. A Boppy (yes, the nursing pillow) can be used for bumptastic sex - the hole in the center helps make your belly more comfortable, says Fosnight. Many women use pillows for support, but may find rigid foam wedges difficult to manage along with a semi-rigid stomach. Using a mirror to see what’s going on is always a great idea, but right now during pregnancy sex, you’ll get an even better view of what’s happening.” “By the end of pregnancy, you probably won’t be able to see your feet, so finding your vulva really challenging. A mirror can be helpful too, Richmond says Some women find the Magic Wand and other high-powered vibrators too intense, Richmond says. If you’re buying new props, aim to get one made from higher-grade materials such as glass, silicone, or body-safe latex.ĭue to clitoral sensitivity, you may wish to play with intensity and speed. So yes - vibrators, dildos, insertables, balls, G-spot stimulators, strap-ons and anything else you’ve got in your joybox is fine, as long as you keep equipment super extra amazing clean. “All toys, so long as the materials are body safe and high quality and cleaned appropriately, are safe during pregnancy unless otherwise directed by a trusted medical professional who knows you and your pregnancy.” “Top toys always include the Magic Wand and the Wevibe,” says Rosara Torrisi, a sex therapist and founder of the Long Island Institute of Sex Therapy. If you’re not feeling too hot or up for foreplay, there’s also a magical wand you can wave - the one with batteries. We’ll walk you through it - with visuals! Still, you may have questions about how to adjust for maximum abdominal comfort when engaging with your partner. And pretty much anything goes as long as it’s comfortable. Think of pregnancy as a time to experiment, especially in the earlier months, to figure out the ideal position between you and your partner. As noted by every doctor and pregnancy book you’ll ever read, don’t blow air up there.Some women find prone positions, or lying flat on the stomach, uncomfortable.Missionary position (man on top, woman on bottom) can compress blood flow to mom and baby, particularly after the 20th week. ![]() If anything doesn’t feel right, ask your doctor.” “Oral and manual sex are wonderful components to a couple’s sex life. Intimacy comes in plenty of forms, including kissing, breast pleasure, oral sex, fantasy, and even anal sex. ![]() “Sex is much more than penetration,” confirms Holly Richmond, a clinical sex therapist and licensed marriage and family therapist. And if you’re worried penetrative sex might hurt the baby (it won’t), there are still other ways around that! There’s plenty of other sexual positions you can pull off for that post-orgasm glow.Īfter all, sex is about enjoying the body, intimacy, and closeness. So, you might not be able to have sex in the missionary position for several months, but that’s OK. Because let’s face it - it’s not always that comfortable ![]() ![]() ![]() Visualization of Information Lines Flying from Mobile Phone circle geometric luxury gold black with particles glowing background, 4k resolution, spin object. Beautiful Smiling Woman Using Smartphone on a City Street at Night. Father teaches daughter to ride bike in park. Download and use 100,000+ Realistic Zoom Background stock photos for free. Businessman Working in Office among Skyscrapers. Concept of new year, annual plan, growth strategy, business planning, investment trends and strategy road map. ![]() 3D Illustration New 2024 year progress bar on digital lcd display with reflection. holiday event transition, revealer, logo title decoration. 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Vertival Takeoff of a RocketĪerial Futuristic Over Head view High Tech City with FX Economy Financial Charts. Mixkit Free Stock Video Zoom Virtual Background. Powerful and Hot Flames Burst out of the Nozzle after Initial Impulse. ![]() Aerial view of Dubai frame landmark during the sunset, Dubai, U.A.E Space Exploration Rocket Launch. Blue color shimmering glowing grain dust mist texture liquid paint splash motion. Semiconductor Production Industry Glitter fluid abstract background. Conveyor with Advanced High Precision Robot Arms at Electronics Manufacturing Factory. Download and use 32,250+ Zoom virtual background stock videos for free. Concept of Renewable Green Energy and Clean Ecological Environment 2024 calendar, 2024 new year, 2024 typography, 2024 year, animation, background, cartoon, celebrate, celebration, cheerful, concept, event, gold, greeting, happiness, happy, happy new year, holiday Automated PCB Assembly Line. Scenic Footage with Night Sky Full of Bright Stars. Social Network Concept with Blockchain Architecture Visualization of a Metaverse Big Data with Viral Videos, Advertising, Social Media Profiles with Influencers, Online Art and Internet Communities Power Transmission Lines with 3D Digital Visualization of Electricity. ![]() ![]() ![]() As a session presented at the meeting of the World Archaeology Conference at the Dead Sea in Jordan this January pointed out, ‘The physical attributes of our spacecraft themselves convey a rich narrative about our civilisation typically ignored in technical and academic considerations of extraterrestrial communication.’ Plaques or no plaques, the probes are artefacts - objects etched with the traces of human craft, bearing meaning-making fingerprints. The probes, however, are already storytellers in their own right. No one can know whether aliens will ever decode Sagan’s elegant, austere inscriptions. A few years later, Sagan recruited a team of experts in music, astrophysics, and recording technology to prepare the Voyager records, each of which was covered with a plaque based on the Pioneer model - as well as a tiny amount of purified uranium, incorporated into the electroplating of the record’s cover, to act as an atomic timestamp, measuring the age of the probes on the scale of the 4.5 billion-year half life of uranium-238. The astronomer and author Carl Sagan devised the plaque with Frank Drake, a pioneer of SETI (the search for extraterrestrial intelligence) Sagan’s wife, Linda Salzman, provided the art. ![]() When Pioneers 10 and 11 were launched in 1972 and ’73, they carried plaques emblazoned with depictions of a nude Caucasian couple, various glyphs meant to help extraterrestrials identify the probe’s astronomical origin and context, and a series of captions and messages encoded in inscrutable binary cipher. Most of Apollo’s lunar modules carried a stainless-steel plaque with the astronauts’ signatures beneath a map of the Earth bolted to the ladders left behind on the Moon’s surface the Apollo 11 plaque was inscribed with the message, ‘We came in peace for all mankind.’ The records were meant to chart our place in the galactic neighborhood and tell the story of life on Earth.īut the golden records are hardly the sole example of messages sent to the stars on NASA missions. When the two Voyager missions launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977, embarking on a grand tour of the outer planets that ultimately would send them into interstellar space, each carried a copy of a golden record - a compendium of human, biological, and geological sounds and images inscribed phonographically on gilt copper disks. ![]() |
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